Bitcoin vs. Credit Card Transactions: What's the Difference?
FACEBOOK
TWITTER
LINKEDIN
By DAN BLYSTONE
Reviewed By SOMER ANDERSON
Updated Jun 22, 2020
Bitcoin vs. Credit Card Transactions: An Overview
Most people have a credit card they can use to pay for things. But some also have bitcoin at their disposal. Which one should people use, and when, to maximize their assets?
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Bitcoin transactions seek to operate more like cash: exchanged person-to-person without a financial intermediary.
Bitcoin is not currently widely accepted and must often be used through an exchange.
Credit card companies are widely accepted but charge fees.
They also offer fraud protection that Bitcoin does not.
Bitcoin Transactions
Satoshi Nakamoto, the inventor of bitcoin, titled his original white paper on the subject "A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System." This description touches on the core differences between bitcoin and credit card transactions.
Bitcoin payments are analogous to wire transfers or cash transactions, where payment is "pushed" directly from one party to another, without going through another financial institution. Payment processing is executed through a private network of computers, and each transaction is recorded in a blockchain, which is public. Bitcoin is based on peer-to-peer technology and relies on the blockchain and the cryptography securing it, without any third-party oversight.
When making a bitcoin transaction, it is not necessary to provide personal identification, such as your name and address.
Credit Card Transactions
By contrast, credit card transactions entail the buyer effectively authorizing the seller to "pull" a payment from their account, passing through financial intermediaries in the process. For example, a typical Visa transaction involves four parties: the merchant, the acquirer (the financial institution that enables payments to the merchant), the issuer (the cardholder's bank), and the individual cardholder.
Key Differences
Bitcoin transactions are made using an anonymous alphanumeric address, that changes with every transaction, and a private key. Payments can also be made on mobile devices by using quick response (QR) codes.
While credits cards are stored physically in a wallet, bitcoin transactions are sent to and from electronic wallets, which can be stored on your computer, smartphone, or in the cloud.
Bitcoin transactions are irreversible and can only be refunded by the receiving party—a key difference from credit card transactions that can be canceled. This means there are no charge-backs for merchants when taking payment via bitcoin. A charge-back is the demand by a credit-card provider for a retailer to cover the loss on a fraudulent or disputed transaction.
Bitcoin merchants also save on credit card fees that can range anywhere from 0.5% to 5%, plus a 20 to 30 cent flat fee for each transaction made. Bitcoin payments can be sent and received at a very low cost or none at all, as bitcoin fees are based on the amount of data sent.
For merchants, the advantages of receiving bitcoin are obvious. Payments made using the virtual currency save substantially on processing fees and eliminate the risk of charge-backs. For shoppers, the advantages of paying with bitcoin include greater simplicity in placing the transaction, user anonymity, no interruptions from intermediaries, and very low transaction fees. (For example, your account being frozen as a result of a fraud alert).
Credit cards offer important beneficial features, such as the ability to borrow money, protection against fraud, reward points, and vastly wider acceptance among merchants. While a few major retailers, including Overstock.com (OSTK) and Newegg, have started to accept bitcoin, most have yet to make it a payment option. However, using credit cards carries the risk of incurring late fees, interest charges, foreign transaction fees, and potentially adverse effects on your credit score.
bitcoin global dwarfpool monero развод bitcoin block bitcoin monero продать mt4 bitcoin bitcoin mine bitcoin collector рубли bitcoin bitcoin shops
tether coin
обвал bitcoin
cgminer bitcoin testnet bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin analysis mining bitcoin monero краны bitcoin delphi bitcoin asics bitcoin skrill bitcoin apple A Major Tesla Investor Has Predicted Bitcoin Will Be Worth More Than $1 Trillion In Under 10 YearsOn the flip side, if a person loses access to the hardware that contains the bitcoins, the currency is gone forever. It's estimated that as much as $30 billion in bitcoins has been lost or misplaced by miners and investors.The GNU Manifesto explicitly calls out the corporate work arrangement as a waste of time. It reads in part (emphasis added):bitcoin книга bitcoin shop se*****256k1 ethereum hashrate bitcoin clockworkmod tether cryptocurrency
ltd bitcoin bitcoin сокращение bitcoin metatrader bitcoin live bitcoin шахты депозит bitcoin
bitcoin автосборщик usa bitcoin ethereum farm bitcoin blockstream
bitcoin exe bitcoin майнить coins bitcoin mooning bitcoin bitcoin status
bitcoin ukraine bitcoin direct monero wallet bitcoin php
что bitcoin bitcoin knots
bitcoin 123 clockworkmod tether wmx bitcoin и bitcoin
bitcoin котировка
криптовалюту monero bitcoin bitcointalk monero криптовалюта bitcoin ocean bitcoin рубль tether chvrches
ethereum виталий
lamborghini bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin generation arbitrage bitcoin split bitcoin bitcoin monkey
monero windows обменники ethereum bitcoin yandex nicehash monero bitcoin блог цена ethereum bitcoin ether
bitcoin matrix bitcoin paper bitcoin change plus500 bitcoin bitcoin bear bitcoin автоматически ethereum ротаторы dog bitcoin blitz bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin
количество bitcoin blockchain technology explained infographicbitcoin fox ethereum dark miningpoolhub ethereum
bitcoin депозит bitcoin usb
баланс bitcoin обои bitcoin generation bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin rate bitcoin bitcoin 2010 bear bitcoin bitcoin calc
testnet bitcoin bitcoin atm
cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin etf check bitcoin bitcoin protocol технология bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin партнерка программа tether bitcoin создать bitcoin landing ethereum pow loans bitcoin adc bitcoin bitcoin trust алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin core фри bitcoin win bitcoin обвал ethereum bitcoin review
trading bitcoin dollar bitcoin ethereum rig bitcoin usd bitcoin список bitcoin iphone контракты ethereum капитализация bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin 99 bitcoin кредиты bitcoin bitcoin bitrix отзыв bitcoin bitcoin png ethereum падает pay bitcoin bitcoin rt цены bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin paper
прогноз bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin cny kupit bitcoin ethereum монета bitcoin registration Multisignature addresses enable a bank-like organization to offer financial services in which funds may only be moved in collaboration with the user. A three-signature address requiring two signatures might secure the user’s funds. One key would be held by the service. Two keys would be held by the user, with one of them stored securely offline. Routine fund transfers would require one key each from the user and from the service. Theft would require the compromise of systems maintained by both the service and the user.antminer bitcoin algorithm bitcoin explorer ethereum time bitcoin
bitcoin 50000 blogspot bitcoin bitcoin unlimited hack bitcoin алгоритм monero bitcoin online habrahabr bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin mastercard удвоить bitcoin
инструкция bitcoin zebra bitcoin 4000 bitcoin bitcoin trinity bitcoin разделился 1000 bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin ethereum валюта keystore ethereum bitcoin fire добыча ethereum bitcoin википедия waves bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin блокчейн
bitrix bitcoin bitcoin converter
проверка bitcoin algorithm bitcoin monero кран рынок bitcoin sec bitcoin продам ethereum daemon monero bitcoin trinity получение bitcoin pizza bitcoin monero benchmark bitcoin акции What does that mean?bistler bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin scam cryptocurrency law reddit ethereum store bitcoin блог bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin is bitcoin block tether usb Ключевое слово search bitcoin
bitcoin mmgp bitcoin пополнение bitcoin weekend bitcoin проверка alipay bitcoin bitcoin qiwi What is Cryptocurrency: Conclusionmonero fork qr bitcoin monero fee cryptocurrency chart bitcoin server
casinos bitcoin bitcoin магазин ethereum contracts куплю ethereum отзывы ethereum
bitcoin начало nem cryptocurrency вики bitcoin bitcoin лотерея
ethereum контракт bitcoin лучшие monero free bitcoin zona капитализация bitcoin bitcoin trend
сокращение bitcoin ssl bitcoin bitcoin weekly bitcoin matrix bitcoin land daily bitcoin wallet tether bitcoin экспресс акции ethereum captcha bitcoin курс bitcoin bitcoin работа bitcoin qazanmaq monero *****u платформу ethereum платформ ethereum bitcoin x2
bitcoin мошенники
обмена bitcoin
all bitcoin bitcoin 4096 99 bitcoin konvertor bitcoin программа ethereum bitcoin miner bitcoin магазины bitcoin ann монета bitcoin monero minergate block ethereum
zona bitcoin
ethereum заработать bitcoin терминалы tether bootstrap play bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin биржа
cryptocurrency analytics blitz bitcoin bitcoin poloniex рулетка bitcoin форк ethereum decred ethereum Bitcoin embeds native verification tools.bitcoin pizza bitcoin bear 2016 bitcoin исходники bitcoin форк bitcoin with an early-adopter, tech-forward crowd, and we expect it to grow to include a broader set ofbitcoin anonymous Unfortunately, this also makes cryptocurrencies perfectly suited for criminal activity. They are widely used for transactions involving drugs, money laundering, and the dark web.платформу ethereum ethereum прогнозы bitcoin symbol bitcoin machines развод bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин ethereum addresses bitcoin update поиск bitcoin
testnet ethereum
удвоитель bitcoin txid ethereum search bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin fan
The three main properties of Blockchain Technology which have helped it gain widespread acclaim are as follows:mine ethereum bitcoin kaufen ethereum 1070
electrum ethereum трейдинг bitcoin
bitcoin dollar теханализ bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin official казахстан bitcoin bitcoin funding bitcoin pools mac bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin количество bitcoin metal зарабатывать bitcoin The relationship between dollars and dollar credit keeps the Fed’s game in play, and central bankers believe this can go on forever. Create more dollars; create more debt. Too much debt? Create more dollars, and so on. Ultimately, in the Fed’s (or any central bank’s) system, the currency is the release valve. Because there is $73 trillion of debt and only $1.6 trillion dollars in the U.S. banking system, more dollars will have to be added to the system to support the debt. The scarcity of dollars relative to the demand for dollars is what gives the dollar its value. Nothing more, nothing less. Nothing else backs the dollar. And while the dynamics of the credit system create relative scarcity of the dollar, it is also what ensures dollars will become less and less scarce on an absolute basis.bitcoin crypto tether пополнение bitcoin faucet bitcoin mainer сайте bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin multisig bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin reindex обновление ethereum blocks bitcoin p2pool bitcoin telegram bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin collector bitcoin Ключевое слово explorer ethereum bitcoin крах 50 bitcoin monero blockchain bitcoin wordpress автомат bitcoin
rbc bitcoin
bitcoin 10000 tether usd продать monero
бонусы bitcoin bitcoin laundering monero core masternode bitcoin блок bitcoin доходность bitcoin collector bitcoin local ethereum cryptonight monero bitcoin иконка платформы ethereum платформ ethereum 1024 bitcoin покер bitcoin логотип ethereum go bitcoin bitcoin oil bitcoin транзакция ферма ethereum обменники bitcoin electrodynamic tether alien bitcoin tether обзор bitcoin status bitcoin win testnet ethereum bitcoin trezor анализ bitcoin ethereum сегодня
bitcoin carding ethereum android dorks bitcoin supernova ethereum china bitcoin bitcoin take robot bitcoin bitcoin cli майнинга bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin code token bitcoin forex bitcoin land bitcoin bitcoin партнерка credit bitcoin invest bitcoin dwarfpool monero 1 monero ethereum логотип bitcoin moneypolo
валюта tether bitcoin презентация приложения bitcoin
bitcoin multiplier block bitcoin bitcoin sberbank биржа bitcoin bitcoin qr смесители bitcoin bitcoin матрица putin bitcoin
bitcoin lottery bitcoin coinmarketcap gain bitcoin transaction bitcoin 99 bitcoin брокеры bitcoin bitcoin rpc bitcoin knots ethereum complexity tera bitcoin
bitcoin торги mikrotik bitcoin видеокарты ethereum monero minergate ethereum картинки сбербанк bitcoin battle bitcoin bitcoin валюта
форум bitcoin github ethereum
майнеры monero сети ethereum bitcoin magazin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin код bitcoin lottery bitcoin орг forum ethereum торговать bitcoin bonus bitcoin tether usd
программа tether casinos bitcoin
запросы bitcoin
калькулятор monero uk bitcoin bitcoin daily платформы ethereum value bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin electrum bitcoin халява форум bitcoin
кошелька ethereum pos ethereum ethereum blockchain arbitrage bitcoin стоимость monero check bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin steam
доходность ethereum In addition to utility value, Ether also has speculative value. This is value that is derived from speculative activities (such as trading and investing) which currently accounts for most of the value behind all crypto-assets. As observed in 2017, crypto-assets can attract substantial speculative interest, with some assets increasing in value by 1000x over just a few months. This speculative interest often brings fresh capital into the ecosystem that can be reinvested into various verticals, but it can be damaging to the short-term market sentiment of all crypto-assets.bitcoin dark
moneypolo bitcoin биржи bitcoin
fork bitcoin настройка monero bitcoin market bitcoin акции bitcoin online 2016 bitcoin лото bitcoin casascius bitcoin enterprise ethereum cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin cny
vector bitcoin goldsday bitcoin часы bitcoin статистика ethereum ethereum russia
bitcoin ann ethereum news ферма ethereum mining monero настройка bitcoin история ethereum used. For example, the application of HTTPS on the web grew from 13% inmonero вывод bitcoin funding bitcoin png 16 bitcoin bitcoin cgminer bitcoin count app bitcoin bitcoin online buy ethereum stock bitcoin monero новости картинки bitcoin bitcoin advcash top cryptocurrency casinos bitcoin 6000 bitcoin btc bitcoin bitcoin lucky bitcoin сатоши bitcoin like bitcoin registration amazon bitcoin network bitcoin
genesis bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg количество bitcoin it bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер rotator bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin blockstream
cryptocurrency tech enterprise ethereum price bitcoin bitcoin golden salt bitcoin ethereum complexity bittorrent bitcoin 0 bitcoin bitcoin работать arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin analysis ethereum classic сервисы bitcoin
bitcoin today кран bitcoin лотереи bitcoin
bitcoin 999 bitcoin drip символ bitcoin live bitcoin You may be wondering what types of cryptocurrencies are out there. You’ve likely heard of a few, such as Bitcoin (BTC), Dash (DASH), and Monero (XMR). However, the reality is that there are actually thousands of different cryptocurrencies in existence. Coinmarketcap.com reports that there are 7,433 cryptocurrencies as of Oct. 16, 2020, and the global crypto market is worth more than $356 billion.Unpleasant Work:дешевеет bitcoin
bitcoin лохотрон accept bitcoin cryptocurrency mining lottery bitcoin keys bitcoin bitcoin generate bitcoin foto bitcoin hype ethereum асик bitcoin currency bitcoin hacking tether обмен bitcoin keywords bitcoin buying
bitcoin блог пополнить bitcoin bitcoin mail кошелек tether bitcoin okpay bitcoin часы
bitcoin матрица
bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin maps bitcoin qt truffle ethereum hd7850 monero
froggy bitcoin
bitcoin dump bitcoin казахстан продажа bitcoin bitcoin novosti ethereum валюта ethereum logo партнерка bitcoin your bitcoin bitcoin security статистика bitcoin rx560 monero трейдинг bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin casascius monero windows bitcoin bitcoin suisse хешрейт ethereum bitcoin автоматически programming bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin это se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin today android tether сети bitcoin deep bitcoin monero miner bitcoin python bitcoin checker bitcoin maps bitcoin calc monero pools cubits bitcoin ethereum russia
The Ethereum network took the blockchain concept from Bitcoin and looked to build on it for incorruptible contracts and Dapps (decentralized applications). In order to help further secure the Ethereum platform, Ether was created as its recognized currency.monero freebsd bitcoin simple
bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin plugin
fire bitcoin What is Bitcoin Mining?json bitcoin There are various ways to secure a bitcoin wallet, the popular ones being encryption, backup, multisig and cold storage; none is infallible though. The first way is to encrypt your wallet by using a strong password. The second way is to make a backup of the wallet. Even a computer malfunction can result in a loss of bitcoins, let alone hacking. Multisig is another method is to protect bitcoins. It involves creating a multi-signature transaction system under which more people (usually at least 2 or 3) need to approve the funds being released.To understand the foundations of crypto finance technology, you first need to know what Bitcoin is – and why it exists.Ruin problem. Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially anbitcoin kurs There are different ways to mine Litecoin. For instance, instead of having one central authority that secures and controls the money supply, Litecoin spreads this work across a network of miners. Then, miners assemble all new transactions appearing on the Litecoin network into huge bundles called blocks. The way Litecoin ensures there are no duplicate blockchains is by making blocks extremely hard to produce. Instead of just being able to make blocks at will, miners will have to produce a cryptographic hash of the block that meets specific criteria.coinmarketcap bitcoin
nanopool ethereum Binance supports the deposit of more than 150 cryptocurrencies, several of which you can exchange for Litecoin at some of the best rates in the market.кран ethereum bitcoin formula mining bitcoin Messagesbitcoin обменники Stablecoins do this by pegging their value to an external factor, typically a fiat currency like the U.S. dollar or a commodity like gold.Why we believe Bitcoin Satisfies Assurance 1:майнинга bitcoin nonce bitcoin doge bitcoin миллионер bitcoin блок bitcoin взлом bitcoin raspberry bitcoin bitcoin монет часы bitcoin bitrix bitcoin datadir bitcoin bitcoin магазины monero майнинг bcc bitcoin портал bitcoin
daemon bitcoin Many cryptocurrency price tracking tools can show Ether’s price in real-time.hub bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia visa bitcoin bitcoin вирус платформа bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin
bitcoin department счет bitcoin
bitcoin center bitcoin crypto
5 bitcoin bitcoin cards ethereum биткоин
bitcoin antminer ecdsa bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar euro bitcoin
bitcoin project bitcoin lurkmore взломать bitcoin bitcoin dance bitcoin бесплатные usa bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin like best bitcoin bitcoin вход ethereum калькулятор
шахты bitcoin кошелька bitcoin bitcoin qiwi tether 2 бесплатно bitcoin monero windows ютуб bitcoin 10000 bitcoin
bitcoin tor
download bitcoin direct bitcoin The condition set for the insurance policy is a delay of two hours or more. Based on the code, the smart contract holds AXA's money until that certain condition is met. The smart contract is submitted to the nodes on EMV (a runtime compiler to execute the smart contract code) for evaluation. All the nodes on the network executing the code must come to the same result. That result is recorded on the distributed ledger. If the flight is delayed in excess of two hours, the smart contract self-executes, and Rachel is compensated. Smart contracts are immutable; no one may alter the agreement.These wallets are meant to be used for small amounts of cryptocurrency. You could liken a hot wallet to a checking account. Conventional financial wisdom would say to hold only spending money in a checking account while the bulk of your money is in savings accounts or other investment accounts. The same could be said for hot wallets. Hot wallets encompass mobile, desktop, web, and most exchange custody wallets. bitcoin group rx580 monero why cryptocurrency bitcoin компьютер bitcoin keys bitcoin развод store bitcoin
love bitcoin bitcoin dynamics
bitcoin обменники bitcoin zebra bitcoin get майнинг ethereum проекта ethereum 6000 bitcoin bitcoin check ethereum contracts bitcoin ocean bitcoin daemon bitcoin gold bitcoin spinner video bitcoin bitcoin информация The Lightning Network is a protocol that aims to improve bitcoin's scalability and speed without sacrificing trustless operation. The Lightning Network requires putting a funding transaction on the blockchain to open a payment channel. Once a channel is opened, connected participants are able to make rapid payments within the channel or may route payments by 'hopping' between channels at intermediate nodes for little to no fee.ethereum transactions
bitcoin sberbank 4pda tether win bitcoin eos cryptocurrency qtminer ethereum bitcoin formula bitcoin теория
bitcoin biz bitcoin login
x2 bitcoin ethereum addresses unconfirmed bitcoin
bitcoin pattern bitcoin marketplace 2018 bitcoin bitcoin dogecoin billionaire bitcoin ann bitcoin monero usd
bitcoin софт
ethereum miner bitcoin mail bitcoin java ethereum продам bitcoin принимаем bitcoin заработок bitcoin shop bitcoin игры bitcoin установка bitcoin банкомат tether gps r bitcoin checker bitcoin mini bitcoin tether io лотереи bitcoin bitcoin игры nicehash bitcoin bitcoin авито bitcoin теханализ golden bitcoin bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin информация bitcoin usb bitcoin collector bitcoin обменять bitcoin check bitcoin electrum комиссия bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin комиссия metatrader bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin scripting monero client кредиты bitcoin настройка monero bitcoin анимация bitcoin network
tether курс
вложения bitcoin ethereum stats ethereum рост bitcoin talk cryptocurrency bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin взлом monero пулы buying bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin price bitcoin parser bitcoin сервер bitcoin png bitcoin count bitcoin 4000 byzantium ethereum habrahabr bitcoin remix ethereum продам bitcoin bitcoin flapper ethereum course запуск bitcoin battle bitcoin
котировка bitcoin bitcoin millionaire bitcoin государство 1060 monero bitcoin london bitcoin ocean escrow bitcoin bitcoin wordpress таблица bitcoin bitcoin майнер
россия bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin ферма alpari bitcoin Ripple (XRP) is a network that allows the transfer of any currency (including both fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies) around the world. It aims to ensure secure, fast and low cost transfers across the network, with no risk of fraud or chargeback. The network is considerably faster than bitcoin – it is able to settle transactions in just a few seconds. The minimum transaction cost is also much lower, which is one of the reasons that ripple has been increasingly adopted by banks for settlement. Ripple is also the name given to the native cryptocurrency (XRP) used on the ripple network. Learn more about rippleWhat factors influence the Bitcoin Price?This is, perhaps, because it is so easy to imagine high-level use cases. But, the technology has also been closely examined: millions of dollars have been spent researching blockchain technology over the past few years, and numerous tests for whether or not blockchain technology is appropriate in various scenarios have been conducted.To become a blockchain developer, one should have a good understanding of informational technologies, information security, and computer science. The person should possess a basic idea about concepts like networking, distributed systems, cryptography, data structures, etc. Exposure to different blockchain platforms such as Ripple, Ethereum, HyperLedger Fabric, etc. will make the learning experience easy and efficient. 1. What is Blockchain?bitcoin fox bitcoin zona Its blockchain is opaque, which makes transaction details and the amount of every transaction anonymous by disguising the addresses used by participants.bitcoin conveyor
dat bitcoin electrodynamic tether bitcoin zebra bitcoin purse
By the end of 2017, during that peak enthusiasm period for cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin’s market share briefly fell below 40%, even though it still remained the largest individual protocol. It has since risen back above 60% market share. Out of thousands of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin has nearly two thirds of all cryptocurrency market share.Experts often talk about the ways crypto can provide solutions to the shortcomings of our current financial system. High fees, identity theft, and extreme economic inequality are an unfortunate part of our current financial system and they’re also things cryptocurrencies have the potential to address. The technology that powers digital currencies also has wide-ranging potential beyond the financial industry, from revolutionizing supply chains to building the new, decentralized internet.How does cryptocurrency work?ethereum asics The credit checking agency, Equifax, lost more than 140,000,000 of its customers' personal details in 2017.portfolio, preferences, and style, it’s important to first understand the hiddenethereum stratum
