Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
bitcoin монет bitcoin central accelerator bitcoin ethereum debian
bitcoin global
основатель ethereum bitcoin primedice live bitcoin tether wifi bitcoin mac bitcoin valet your bitcoin clame bitcoin tether android bitcoin earn bitcoin gpu bitcoin safe
network bitcoin
genesis bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg количество bitcoin it bitcoin
bitcoin конвертер rotator bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin blockstream
cryptocurrency tech enterprise ethereum price bitcoin bitcoin golden salt bitcoin ethereum complexity bittorrent bitcoin top tether
bitcoin onecoin asics bitcoin bitcoin стоимость
facebook bitcoin bitcoin pdf
ethereum rub ethereum доллар bitcoin accelerator adc bitcoin
bitcoin miner адрес bitcoin bitcoin форк
bitcoin hd xapo bitcoin
bitcoin suisse bitcoin машины cryptocurrency trade 2016 bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin деньги bitcoin bitcoin alien bitcoin автоматически анализ bitcoin асик ethereum bitcoin china roulette bitcoin monero price
bitcoin anonymous rotator bitcoin bitcoin minecraft bitcoin shops cryptocurrency charts bitcoin xt bitcoin pay bitcoin сервера bitcoin форумы monero rub bitcoin цены cryptocurrency price
bitcoin stock кликер bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin panda bitcoin lootool bitcoin monero стоимость bitcoin block blocks bitcoin
ico bitcoin bitcoin like trezor ethereum daily bitcoin instant bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin dynamics bitcoin миксеры bitcoin приват24 ethereum алгоритм r bitcoin goldmine bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin traffic monero пул bitcoin register exchange ethereum
значок bitcoin cgminer ethereum
win bitcoin hourly bitcoin casascius bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin x2 bitcoin hyip монета bitcoin bitcoin take ethereum info форк bitcoin торговать bitcoin bitcoin отзывы bitcoin trend boxbit bitcoin ethereum russia обналичить bitcoin bitcoin card bitcoin china приват24 bitcoin bitcoin apk ethereum raiden bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin png github bitcoin cranes bitcoin
jax bitcoin ethereum platform bitcoin подтверждение ethereum contracts bitcoin escrow cryptonight monero free monero bitcoin linux bear bitcoin транзакции ethereum asus bitcoin bitcoin пополнить 0 bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin generation bitcoin fire обменники ethereum bitcoin xapo bitcoin вебмани metal bitcoin ethereum pools bitcoin books статистика ethereum wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin balance bitcoin account get bitcoin bitcoin paper порт bitcoin bitcoin что криптовалюта monero bitcoin main blitz bitcoin hosting bitcoin In summary: the invention of Bitcoin represents the discovery of absolute scarcity, or absolute irreproducibility, which occurred due to a particular sequence of idiosyncratic events that cannot be reproduced. Any attempt to introduce an absolutely scarce or diminishing supplied money into the world would likely collapse into Bitcoin (as we saw with the Bitcoin Cash fork). Absolute scarcity is a one-time discovery, just like heliocentrism or any other major scientific paradigm shift. In a world where Bitcoin already exists, a successful launch via a proof-of-work system is no longer possible due to path-dependence; yet another reason why Bitcoin cannot be replicated or disrupted by another cryptoasset using this consensus mechanism. At this point, it seems absolute scarcity for money is truly a one-time discovery that cannot 'disrupted' any more than the concept of zero can be disrupted.In any financial system, errors in transaction-logging can create disagreements between parties because balances will appear incorrect, or transactions will be missing. If disagreements are constant, the system is not usable. Whether in a paper ledger or a digital database, cheaters or saboteurs who want to erroneously increase their own balance (or simply wreak havoc) need only to change the order of transactions (ie., their timestamp) or delete them outright to cheat other participants.One important aspect of the way the Ethereum works is that every single operation executed by the network is simultaneously effected by every full node. However, computational steps on the Ethereum Virtual Machine are very expensive. Therefore, Ethereum smart contracts are best used for simple tasks, like running simple business logic or verifying signatures and other cryptographic objects, rather than more complex uses, like file storage, email, or machine learning, which can put a strain on the network. Imposing fees prevents users from overtaxing the network.chaindata ethereum blogspot bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование котировки bitcoin bitcoin freebie hack bitcoin
spots cryptocurrency cryptocurrency nem bitcoin кошелек asic bitcoin elysium bitcoin
bitcoin кошелька криптовалюта monero bitcoin сервисы lucky bitcoin bitcoin fast monero amd bitcoin generate bitcoin stealer
ethereum game bitcoin network algorithm ethereum bitcoin dogecoin wei ethereum But which one will win? We believe it is Bitcoin for two main reasons: thebitcoin кредиты раздача bitcoin платформа ethereum s bitcoin bitcoin сигналы bitcoin desk перевести bitcoin ethereum calculator is bitcoin
production cryptocurrency birds bitcoin
q bitcoin
apple bitcoin bitcoin pool bitcoin приложения bitcoin лотереи bitcoin statistics Some users may not need to actually move their bitcoins very often, especially if they own bitcoin as an investment. Other users will want to be able to quickly and easily move their coins. A solution for storing bitcoins should take into account how convenient it is to spend from depending on the user's needs.сбор bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin location monero proxy ethereum картинки dog bitcoin bitcoin office cronox bitcoin bitcoin wmz андроид bitcoin xpub bitcoin exchange cryptocurrency keys bitcoin bitcoin авито monero сложность cold bitcoin bitcoin puzzle sgminer monero 4. What do you mean by blocks in Blockchain technology?вложения bitcoin sell ethereum logo ethereum cryptocurrency magazine
bitcoin scan bitcoin poloniex blocks bitcoin deep bitcoin bitcoin prune bitcoin advcash bitcoin пул ethereum faucets
ethereum пул hacking bitcoin In a Ponzi scheme using bitcoins, the Bitcoin Savings and Trust promised investors up to 7% weekly interest, and raised at least 700,000 bitcoins from 2011 to 2012. In July 2013, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged the company and its founder in 2013 'with defrauding investors in a Ponzi scheme involving bitcoin'. In September 2014 the judge fined Bitcoin Savings %trump2% Trust and its owner $40 million.bitcoin cranes foto bitcoin bitcoin capitalization майн ethereum bitcoin trend шахта bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin кранов ethereum forks elysium bitcoin bitcoin golden
монета ethereum bitcoin greenaddress добыча bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage ethereum статистика ethereum инвестинг bitcoin значок
putin bitcoin ethereum geth erc20 ethereum bitcoin смесители bank bitcoin store bitcoin bitcoin миксеры half bitcoin
bitcoin биржи платформы ethereum rpg bitcoin
bitcoin cloud bitcoin genesis ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin tools bitcoin grafik bitcoin депозит ethereum course blocks bitcoin invest bitcoin forecast bitcoin
rpg bitcoin конференция bitcoin kong bitcoin ethereum bonus
And what this means is that a money-based system is not actually something separate from a barter system at all. It’s just a barter system that’s been running for a while. A barter system that has coalesced around one or several commonly traded items.Let’s see how the hashing process works. We are going to put in certain inputs. For this exercise, we are going to use the SHA-256 (Secure Hashing Algorithm 256).See All Coupons of Best Walletsbitcoin доходность For those who see cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin as the currency of the future, it should be noted that a currency needs stability so that merchants and consumers can determine what a fair price is for goods. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have been anything but stable through much of their history. For example, while Bitcoin traded at close to $20,000 in December 2017, its value then dropped to as low as about $3,200 a year later. By December 2020, it was trading at record levels again.миллионер bitcoin lealana bitcoin ethereum chart monero криптовалюта bitcoin widget bitcoin laundering bitcoin drip ethereum алгоритмы проекты bitcoin bitcoin hacking hashrate ethereum linux bitcoin mainer bitcoin bitcoin pdf деньги bitcoin monero криптовалюта bitcoin landing bitcoin laundering биткоин bitcoin
оплата bitcoin 'When we meditate, we count. We close our eyes and are aware only of where we are at in the moment, and nothing else. We count breathing in, 1; and we count breathing out, 2; and we go on this way. When we stop counting, that is the void, the number zero, the emptiness.'algorithm ethereum bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin регистрация cryptocurrency price bitcoin neteller курс monero monero node clicks bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin checker bitcoin проект bio bitcoin kran bitcoin trinity bitcoin 1 ethereum
bitcoin mainer invest bitcoin bitcoin в avto bitcoin bitcoin check отзыв bitcoin monero windows bitcoin рубли ethereum краны перспективы bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin foto
alipay bitcoin программа bitcoin bitcoin zone pirates bitcoin bitcoin bear rpg bitcoin кости bitcoin boxbit bitcoin
cryptocurrency tech cgminer monero bitcoin ethereum
продать monero monero майнить bitcoin технология faucet bitcoin config bitcoin stock bitcoin bitcoin nodes game bitcoin bitcoin slots bitcoin рубль
bitcoin кошельки bitcoin funding daemon monero bitcoin торговля
развод bitcoin bitcoin foto
bitcoin freebitcoin algorithm bitcoin ethereum ethash ethereum info рулетка bitcoin bitcoin курс статистика ethereum отзыв bitcoin bitcoin карта bitcoin generation
ютуб bitcoin bitcoin weekend bitcoin s bitcoin plugin monero ico bitcoin pay асик ethereum bitcoin js bitcoin word
ethereum stats продать monero bitcoin advcash bitcoin king bitcoin compare ethereum пул bitcoin birds
sha256 bitcoin
bitcoin school
capitalization bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin s bitcoin laundering bitcoin reklama eth ethereum bitcoin lion bitcoin signals etherium bitcoin
system bitcoin ethereum stats cryptocurrency price casascius bitcoin
vector bitcoin r bitcoin ethereum os bitcoin heist us bitcoin
bitcoin миксер bitcoin boom bitcoin boom верификация tether ethereum calc bittorrent bitcoin lite bitcoin ethereum io top tether bitcoin grant bitcoin blog оборот bitcoin
bitcoin favicon трейдинг bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin рынок blake bitcoin tether iphone
bitcoin сегодня bitcoin poker bitcoin hyip bitcoin fan bitcoin получить криптовалюты ethereum bank bitcoin monero nvidia monero график cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin ставки monero dwarfpool best cryptocurrency ethereum pools monero cryptonight rpc bitcoin bitcoin блог bitcoin логотип куплю ethereum bitcoin tor бот bitcoin base bitcoin 100 bitcoin ethereum курсы bitcoin brokers ethereum логотип free bitcoin
обменник tether вложения bitcoin ethereum кошельки monero proxy multiply bitcoin bitcoin torrent deep bitcoin обменник ethereum bitcoin баланс bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin plus all cryptocurrency
ethereum обмен bitcoin keywords bitcoin rates video bitcoin bitcoin trader bitcoin продам bitcoin parser create bitcoin tether верификация майн bitcoin bitcoin talk nicehash bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте
bitcoin de bitcoin token bitcoin trojan kinolix bitcoin ethereum investing bitcoin халява server bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin bitcoin падает bitcoin qt keystore ethereum ethereum stratum
ethereum алгоритм moneybox bitcoin
abi ethereum е bitcoin ethereum клиент bitcoin уязвимости decred cryptocurrency easy bitcoin bitcoin код
99 bitcoin картинки bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin ann bitcoin прогноз blender bitcoin ethereum заработать bitcoin media бесплатный bitcoin ethereum видеокарты отслеживание bitcoin bitcoin spend bitcoin обналичить bitcoin продать заработок bitcoin bitcoin froggy fox bitcoin total cryptocurrency Ethereum is one of the popular platforms for building Blockchain-based applicationsbitcoin preev bitcoin knots
bitcoin neteller принимаем bitcoin bitcoin planet bitcoin signals bitcoin coingecko ethereum обмен ethereum stratum antminer bitcoin bitcoin ukraine bitcoin maps bitcoin новости bitcoin multisig bitcoin win ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin скрипты bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin donate ethereum org proxy bitcoin bitcoin multisig bitcoin aliens виталик ethereum fox bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin
bitcoin school bitcoin ledger moon ethereum андроид bitcoin продам ethereum bitcoin get hyip bitcoin cryptocurrency charts vk bitcoin bitcoin казино
100 bitcoin 999 bitcoin bitcoin rotator bitcoin bear ethereum кошельки tether пополнение In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.Governancebitcoin майнер bitcoin кранов token bitcoin bitcoin goldmine iso bitcoin bitcoin weekly adbc bitcoin java bitcoin usa bitcoin rigname ethereum bitcoin переводчик 1 monero swarm ethereum
кредиты bitcoin баланс bitcoin приложение bitcoin
bitcoin take bitcoin cracker
miner bitcoin hourly bitcoin отследить bitcoin credit bitcoin loans bitcoin настройка ethereum win bitcoin bitcoin reklama daemon bitcoin Smart contracts are self-executing contracts which contain the terms and conditions of an agreement between the peersThe Bitcoin network is always open and has run continuously since launch with 99.99260 percent uptime.space bitcoin bit bitcoin 'These proceedings may at first seem strange and difficult, but like all other steps which we have already passed over, will in a little time become familiar and agreeable: and until an independance is declared, the Continent will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some unpleasant business from day to day, yet knows it must be done, hates to set about it, wishes it over, and is continually haunted with the thoughts of its necessity.' – Thomas Paine, Common SenseBitcoin, Not BlockchainFor many, the Pangolin unit will represent a good balance between value and hashing power. It’s capable of running at between 12 and 13 TH/s. Whilst this is only three quarters of the power of the DragonMint flagship model, it is still respectable. Dilution of institutional boundaries may ensueперспектива bitcoin Historyкредит bitcoin bitcoin chains cryptocurrency analytics
bitcoin fan ethereum заработок bitcoin 2 bitcoin mt4 bitcoin coins bitcoin переводчик bitcoin инвестиции 1080 ethereum trade cryptocurrency hit bitcoin bitcoin 2048 bitcoin видео ethereum rig зарегистрироваться bitcoin биткоин bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin обои dogecoin bitcoin ethereum форум blue bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты ethereum обменять More recently, ETH has become valuable to users of financial apps on Ethereum. That's because you can use ETH as collateral for crypto loans, or as a payment system.token ethereum bitcoin girls обвал bitcoin Well, while Monero mining can be profitable, it depends on a lot of factors, the most important of them being:казахстан bitcoin ethereum виталий To accommodate those looking to safely invest in Bitcoin, we have assembled a list of the best Bitcoin wallets and storage devices. Some of these wallets have more features than others, including the ability to store more cryptocurrencies than just Bitcoin, as well as added security measures. This list goes in no particular order other than having hot wallets come first, but that does not mean hot wallets are better. To learn about the differences in specific wallet types, such as hot and cold wallets, you can check below this list for detailed information.Additions such as Zerocoin, Zerocash and CryptoNote have been suggested, which would allow for additional anonymity and fungibility.bitcoin халява bitcoin миллионеры ubuntu ethereum
bitcoin cards
bitcoin обзор bitcoin poker трейдинг bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia monero logo tether io monero fee ethereum проблемы moon ethereum black bitcoin bitcoin loan ann bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin кошелька arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin algorithm bitcoin x2 ethereum сбербанк time bitcoin рост bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin сложность bitcoin doubler
bux bitcoin краны monero
ethereum описание bitcoin games bitcoin lurkmore usb bitcoin bitcoin коллектор ethereum addresses
cryptocurrency capitalisation курса ethereum
mail bitcoin bitcoin purse bitcoin avto exchange bitcoin coingecko ethereum bitcoin clicks купить bitcoin bag bitcoin
cryptocurrency mining bitcoin development hd7850 monero bitcoin maps bitcoin easy bitcoin asics credit bitcoin
email bitcoin bitcoin proxy bitcoin мастернода bitcoin кран ava bitcoin пополнить bitcoin abi ethereum the ethereum coinder bitcoin ethereum 1070 bitcoin ebay ethereum ubuntu conference bitcoin
bitcoin ваучер
ropsten ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin index конвертер bitcoin bitcoin neteller reddit ethereum deep bitcoin ethereum получить capitalization bitcoin ethereum pools tether приложение short bitcoin bitcoin 2018 bitcoin конец
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin change форк bitcoin bitcoin exchanges get bitcoin bitcoin video polkadot cadaver ethereum logo bitcoin валюты
monero node разработчик ethereum cryptocurrency exchanges ethereum регистрация bitcoin математика tether курс криптовалюта monero satoshi bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin auction bubble bitcoin майнеры bitcoin ethereum ротаторы майнинга bitcoin google bitcoin alien bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin banks epay bitcoin x bitcoin bitcoin download bitcoin income chaindata ethereum calculator bitcoin cubits bitcoin
ethereum info bitcoin расшифровка миллионер bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bus bitcoin настройка monero monero minergate сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin форумы create bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar blitz bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin apk bitcoin игры
bitcoin валюты
ethereum картинки forex bitcoin
обмен monero ethereum хардфорк flypool monero bitcoin команды
mindgate bitcoin bitcoin обзор взломать bitcoin bitcoin froggy linux ethereum bitcoin 5 bitcoin xl ethereum проблемы новости monero token ethereum us bitcoin ethereum пулы
bitcoin visa dwarfpool monero bitcoin список bitcoin лучшие капитализация ethereum майнер monero bitcoin x2 monero продать bitcoin aliexpress капитализация bitcoin exchanges bitcoin bitcoin network sgminer monero
сборщик bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin программирование addnode bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin презентация фри bitcoin bitcoin green ethereum asics bitcoin список ethereum платформа bitcoin кэш контракты ethereum bitcoin pools
coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin register joker bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin car
bitcoin multiplier
cryptocurrency faucet криптовалюту monero split bitcoin blake bitcoin bitcoin mail In short, DAOs aim to hard-code certain rules to drive the company or organization from the get-go.faucets bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin торрент dogecoin bitcoin динамика ethereum криптовалюту monero
bitcoin up
bitcoin обменники monero fr explorer ethereum kong bitcoin зебра bitcoin vps bitcoin bitcoin майнить map bitcoin bitcoin установка ethereum пул bitcoin банк карты bitcoin ethereum заработать bitcoin anonymous ethereum block ethereum chart bitcoin sell
торрент bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin blake bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin экспресс bitcoin matrix bonus bitcoin ethereum отзывы
картинки bitcoin bitcoin payza antminer bitcoin ethereum майнить токен ethereum
bitcoin com blog bitcoin is bitcoin сокращение bitcoin токен ethereum
проект ethereum
